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Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Physiotherapist and Research Scholar, ESIC Model Hospital & PG Research Institute- ESICPGIMSR (Under Govt of India),Rajaji Nagar, Bangalore and General Secretary of Bangalore Physiotherapist Network (BPN) 2017-2020

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30 Mar 2015

Physiotherapy is Cost Effective - Research Update

Study: Costs reduced when low back pain treatment begins with Physical therapy:

A study in the Scientific Journal Health Services Research showed that initial referrals for physical therapy for patients with new episodes of low back pain (LBP) resulted in less than half the cost of imaging and generated lower costs associated with use of health care resources over time.

Physical therapist researchers Julie M. Fritz, PT, PhD, FAPTA, Gerard P. Brennan, PT, PhD, and Stephen J. Hunter, PT, PhD, OCS, analyzed utilization records and other health information for patients who consulted with a primary care provider about uncomplicated LBP and were referred for management outside primary care within 6 weeks. They found that physical therapy was the less costly approach—initial referral for physical therapy cost $504 on average (for an average 3.8 visits), compared with an average of $1,306 for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Also, average subsequent costs over the next year were nearly 72% lower for patients who began with a physical therapy referral—$1,871, compared with $6,664 for the imaging group over the same time period.

Authors discovered that patients who receive imaging as a first referral increased the likelihood of surgery and injections as well as specialist and emergency department visits within a year. They noted that advanced imaging often 'labels' a patient's LBP that might otherwise be viewed as nonspecific and uncomplicated, causing heightened concern in some patients and providers, motivating them to seek additional care. Authors said that physical therapy may provide patients with an active approach to LBP, enhancing patients' perceived ability to self-manage their condition. Authors acknowledge that their study was limited to newly reported and uncomplicated LBP, and that patient-centered function or satisfaction outcomes were not recorded.

"This is one of many studies demonstrating that physical therapy is a cost-effective alternative to medication and surgery," said American Physical Therapy Association President Paul Rockar Jr, PT, DPT, MS. "Patients benefit from an active approach to their care and, in turn, society is transformed through the benefits from reduced financial burdens on our health care system."

Oh, my aching wallet: MRI instead of Physical Therapy for low back pain leads to $4,793 higher price

Your back hurts (join the club) and you go to see your primary care physician. Most of the time, your doctor will tell you to rest, maybe take some ibuprofen or ice the affected area.

But when researchers looked at 841 people who needed additional care,  they found that the ones sent first for MRIs were more likely to have surgery or injections, see a specialist or visit an emergency room than those who were first sent to physical therapists. And they (or their insurance companies) paid an average of $4,793 more.

The reasons, said the study's lead author, are more likely found in the heads of patients and doctors than in anyone's back. MRIs tend to turn up all kinds of benign changes in spines and backs that occur as we move through life. But those prompt patients to look for fixes and to pressure doctors to refer them for those.

"The patient may feel and exert some pressure to wanting to work it up more," said Julie Fritz, a professor of physical therapy at the University of Utah. "It just changes the mind set of everyone involved. It tends to accelerate the course of intervention."

Take degenerative disc disease,  for example. Most people older than 40 or 50 have it to some degree, Fritz said, but often not to the extent that it causes pain or other symptoms. But when an MRI turns up that ominous-sounding bit of news, patients often ask for therapy and primary care doctors can succumb, she said.

"It motivates patients to want to do more to look for fixes for that problem, when it probably should be [considered] more like wrinkles and gray hair," she said.
Another possibility is that some physicians have financial interests in imaging services, the study notes.

Low back pain is incredibly common and debilitating. According to one study, it causes more time disabled around the world than HIV, road injuries, tuberculosis, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pre-term birth complications. In the United States, Fritz's team noted in its paper, the direct cost of treating low back pain was $86 billion in 2005.

An MRI exam can cost $1,000 or $1,500 and while many are covered by insurance, patients often have to put up co-payments and meet deductibles. Several studies have shown no evidence of benefits to low back patients unless there are specific symptoms, according to Fritz's paper, which was published March 16 in the journal Health Services Research. [Fritz is a professor of physical therapy herself, but the paper is a peer-reviewed study, not her opinion.]

Fritz and her colleagues set out to compare what happens to patients sent first for MRIs versus those sent directly to physical therapists. "Patients have expectations around receiving something perceived as beneficial," they wrote. "Breaking an expectation by denying imaging may be unacceptable to patients or providers. Consumer research suggests offering an alternative to replace the broken expectation is important to patients."

In addition to seeking less invasive follow-up care, the people who went directly to physical therapists spent an average of $1,871, while those whose first move was an MRI spent an average of $6,664 in the year following their initial complaint to their doctors. With only a few hundred people in each sample, Fritz acknowledged, the cost figure was somewhat skewed by a small number of very expensive surgeries among those who had MRIs first. But overall, the cost difference is very clear.

Physical therapy focuses on educating patients about what might be causing their back pain, assuring them that most problems subside in time, and engaging them in their therapy, even if the therapist is providing hands-on aid, Fritz said. Perhaps people who choose that option are more motivated to be part of clearing up their problem, or they may just profit from the approach; the research doesn't make that clear.

Either way, "we think this is an area where our profession has something to offer, especially when it's timed correctly," Fritz said. "There's a place for advanced imaging. It's just not early in the course of care for most patients."

References & Sources:



3. Health Services Research Journal

4. American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)


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